La relación entre afecto y cognición: perspectivas teóricas afecto y cognición / A relação entre afeto e cognição: perspectivas teóricas / The relation between affection and cognition: theoretical perspectives

O presente artigo pretende apresentar a relação entre afetividade e cognição nas perspectivas teóricas de Jean Piaget, da neurociência e de Lev Vygotsky. Na perspectiva teórica de Piaget, confere ênfase aos conceitos de interesse e assimilação. Já na perspectiva teórica da neurociência, a ênfase é colocada nas bases biológicas da aprendizagem. Ademais, problematiza o lugar da perspectiva histórico-cultural de Vygotsky, enfatizando os conceitos de significado e sentido no contexto conceitual da relação entre afeto e cognição. A partir do recorte feito, apresenta algumas possíveis contribuições de tais leituras dentro do tema trabalhado concernentes à relação entre afeto e cognição. Argumenta ainda que embora comportem diferenças, as três perspectivas explicitam a importância do afeto para a cognição. Nessa direção, conclui pela relevância das contribuições dadas pelas leituras de Piaget, Vygotsky e da neurociência. As fontes utilizadas são da literatura disponível sobre o tema.

En el presente artículo se pretende presentar la relación entre afectividad y cognición en las perspectivas teóricas de Jean Piaget, de la neurociencia y de Lev Vygotsky. En la perspectiva teórica de Piaget, confiere énfasis a los conceptos de interés y asimilación. En la perspectiva teórica de la neurociencia, el énfasis está colocado en las bases biológicas del aprendizaje. Además, problematiza el lugar de la perspectiva histórico-cultural de Vygotsky, enfatizando los conceptos de significado y sentido en el contexto conceptual de la relación entre afecto y cognición. A partir del recorte, presenta algunas posibles contribuciones de tales lecturas dentro del tema estudiado concernientes a la relación entre afecto y cognición. Argumenta que, aunque comporten diferencias, las tres perspectivas explicitan la importancia del afecto para la cognición. En esa dirección, se concluye por la relevancia de las contribuciones dadas por las lecturas de Piaget, Vygotsky y de la neurociencia. Las fuentes utilizadas son de la literatura disponible sobre el tema.

This article aims to present the relation between affection and cognition from the Jean Piaget, neuroscience and Lev Vygotsky's theoretical perspectives. From Piaget's theoretical perspective, it emphasizes the concepts of interest and assimilation. From the neuroscience theoretical perspective, emphasis is placed on the biological bases of learning. Furthermore, it problematizes the place of Vygotsky's historical-cultural perspective, emphasizing the concepts of meaning and sense in the conceptual context of the relation between affection and cognition. Based on the selection made, it presents some possible contributions of such readings within the theme discussed regarding the relation between affect and cognition. It also argues that although they have differences, the three perspectives explain the importance of affect for cognition. In this direction, it concludes that the contributions made by reading Piaget, Vygotsky and neuroscience are relevant. The sources used are from the available literature about the topic.

From the breakdown of psychiatry during nazism and the Nuremberg Code, to the materialist neuropsychological model in contemporary science and society: A bioethical analysis / De la quiebra de la psiquiatría durante el nazismo y el Código de Nüremberg al modelo neuropsicológico materialista en la ciencia y la sociedad contemporáneas: Un análisis en clave bioética

Abstract The breakdown of German psychiatry with the coming to power of the National Socialist regime in 1933 resulted in a revival after the war of bioethical issues, the immediate effect of which was the enactment of the Nuremberg Code. In many ways, this breakdown was the result of the historical evolution of psychomedical knowledge and the mass dissemination of reductionist discourses and ideas that created a breeding ground for tragedy. The cyclical discourse of psychic materialism, which has been repeated for centuries in the history of science in different formulations, can, if not properly interpreted, lead to far-reaching appropriations and risks, to which due attention must be paid. The latest manifestation of this issue, the view of mental life as basically cerebral, neurological, biochemical, and determinist, a view that has not been managed or presented adequately to the public, could become the basis for perverse new perspectives and applications in the current context of research and academic activity.

Resumen La llamada "quiebra" de la psiquiatría alemana en 1933, tras la llegada al poder del régimen nacionalsocialista, tuvo como resultado una reactivación de la cuestión bioética, cuyo efecto inmediato fue la promulgación del famoso Código de Nuremberg. En más de un sentido, tal ruptura fue el resultado del devenir histórico del conocimiento psicomédico, así como de la difusión masiva de discursos e ideas reduccionistas que terminaron por generar un caldo de cultivo propicio para la tragedia. El discurso cíclico del materialismo psíquico, que se reedita en la historia de la ciencia, en diferentes formatos y formulaciones, desde hace siglos, no bien interpretado, puede inducir apropiaciones y riesgos de largo alcance a los que se debe prestar la debida atención. Así, el último episodio de este asunto, la visión de la vida mental como vida básicamente cerebral, neurológica, bioquímica y determinista, no bien gestionado y presentado a la opinión pública, aunado a las condiciones actuales de la actividad investigadora y académica, podría convertirse en piedra angular de nuevas perspectivas y aplicaciones perversas de este asunto.

Cognitive impairments associated with chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

Chemotherapy is one of the most widely used treatments for breast cancer (BC). However, there is evidence of side effects like cognitive changes related to the chemotherapy treatment. The aim of the study was not only to summarize the existing evidence on the relationship between chemotherapy and cognitive performance in women with BC but also to identify additional consequences and aspects associated with these impairments. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression to present updated information on the matter. We retrieved data from the databases PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Scopus. Twenty studies comprising over 2,500 women were examined and the results indicated that chemotherapy can compromise cognition in women with BC (-1.10 OR [95%CI: -1.81 to -0.74], P<0.01), with working memory (-0.49 OR [95%CI: -0.85 to -0.13], P=0.03) being the most affected among the domains. Furthermore, additional data indicated that cognitive impairment is most likely amid women with BC having a lower education level (Q=4.85, P=0.02). Our results suggested that chemotherapy affects cognitive functions in women with BC, and certain characteristics can worsen the deterioration. A comprehensive study of women with breast cancer and existing predictors contributes to optimized personal journeys, elevated life prospects, and advanced care that can also aid prognosis and therapeutic approaches.

As raízes do trauma: uma revisão sobre a história do psicotraumatismo / The roots of trauma: a review of the history of psychotrauma

Resumo A percepção do papel do trauma psicológico na origem de problemas psiquiátricos aumentou e diminuiu ao longo da história da psiquiatria. Com a concepção do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), entretanto, as sociedades ocidentais presenciaram uma profunda expansão do discurso do traumatismo na interpretação de experiências humanas devastadoras, como catástrofes, genocídios, desastres e epidemias. A partir de revisão bibliográfica integrativa, este artigo analisa alguns dos determinantes históricos e epistemológicos que fundamentam o surgimento da memória traumática e o estabelecimento do trauma como campo semântico que orienta respostas clínicas e estratégias políticas no campo das ciências humanas e da saúde.

Abstract Perceptions of the importance of the role of psychological trauma in the origins of psychiatric problems have oscillated throughout the history of psychiatry. However, since the conception of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), western societies have witnessed a marked expansion of the discourse of trauma in the interpretation of devastating human experiences like catastrophes, genocides, disasters, and epidemics. Through an integrative literature review, this article analyzes some of the historical and epistemological determinants behind the emergence of traumatic memory and the establishment of trauma as a semantic field that orients clinical responses and political strategies in the field of the humanities and the health sciences.

"Brain-inspired intelligence" in dental implant decision-making / 口腔疾病防治

@#At present, implant surgery robots have basically achieved "surgical intelligence", but "brain-inspired intelligence" of robots is still in the stage of theory and exploration. The formulation of a clinical implantation plan depends on the timing of implantation, implantation area, bone condition, surgical procedure, patient factors, etc., which need to evaluate the corresponding clinical decision indicators and clinical pathways. Inspired by evidence-based medicine and the potential of big data and deep learning, combined with the data characteristics of clinical decision indicators and clinical pathways that can be quantitatively or qualitatively analyzed, this review simulates the cognitive behavior and neural mechanisms of the human brain and proposes a feasible brain-inspired intelligence scheme by predicting the decision indices and executing clinical pathways intelligently, that is, "select clinical indicators and clarify clinical pathways -- construct database -- use deep learning to intelligently predict decision indicators -- intelligent execution of clinical pathways -- brain-inspired intelligence of implant decision-making". Combined with the previous research results of our team, this review also describes the process of realization of brain-inspired intelligence for immediate implant timing decisions, providing an example of the comprehensive realization of brain-inspired intelligence of implant surgery robots in the future. In the future, how to excavate and summarize other clinical decision factors and select the best way to realize the automatic prediction of evidence-based clinical indicators and pathways and finally realize the complete intellectualization of clinical diagnosis and treatment processes will be one of the directions that dental clinicians need to strive for.

The kynurenine pathway in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of central and peripheral levels

Objective: Changes in the kynurenine pathway are recognized in psychiatric disorders, but their role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is less clear. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether tryptophan and kynurenine pathway metabolites are altered in AD. Methods: We performed a systematic review and random-effects meta-analyses. Inclusion criteria were studies that compared AD and cognitively normal (CN) groups and assessed tryptophan or kynurenine pathway metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid or peripheral blood. Results: Twenty-two studies with a total of 1,356 participants (664 with AD and 692 CN individuals) were included. Tryptophan was decreased only in peripheral blood. The kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio was only increased in peripheral blood of the AD group. 3-Hydroxykynurenine was decreased only in cerebrospinal fluid and showed higher variability in the CN group than the AD group. Kynurenic acid was increased in cerebrospinal fluid and decreased in peripheral blood. Finally, there were no changes in kynurenine and quinolinic acid between the groups. Conclusions: Our results suggested a shift toward the kynurenine pathway in both the brain and in the periphery, as well as a shift towards increased kynurenic acid production in the brain but decreased production in peripheral blood. In addition, our analysis indicated dissociation between the central and peripheral levels, as well as between plasma and serum for some of these metabolites. Finally, changes in the kynurenine pathway are suggested to be a core component of AD. More studies are warranted to verify and consolidate our results.

Fusión de datos multimodales de neurociencias generados en estudios EEG-fMRI, un análisis temático / Fusion of Multimodal Neuroscience Data Generated in EEG-fMRI Studies, a Thematic Analysis

La actividad cerebral tiene múltiples atributos, entre ellos los eléctricos, metabólicos, hemodinámicos y hormonales. Los métodos modernos para estudiar las funciones cerebrales como el PET (Tomografía por Emisión de Positrones), fMRI (Imagen de Resonancia Magnética Funcional) y MEG (Magnetoencefalograma) son ampliamente utilizados por los científicos. Sin embargo, el EEG es una herramienta utilizada para la investigación y diagnóstico debido a su bajo costo, simplicidad de uso, movilidad y la posibilidad de monitoreo a largo tiempo de adquisición. Para detectar e interpretar las características relevantes de estas señales, se describe cada proceso por su escala temporal (EEG) y espacial (fMRI). La presente investigación se enfoca en realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la integración de datos multimodales EEG-fMRI que propicie valorar su importancia para el desarrollo de algoritmos de fusión y su uso en el contexto cubano. Para ello se analizaron documentos con altos índices de citas en la literatura, donde se destacan autores precursores de los temas en análisis. Los estudios multimodales EEG-fMRI generan múltiples datos temporales y espaciales con alto valor para la medicina basada en evidencia. La integración de los mismos provee un valor agregado en la búsqueda de nuevos métodos diagnósticos, aplicando minería de datos, Deep learning y algoritmos de fusión. En este trabajo se pone de relieve la existencia de baja resolución temporal de fMRI y por otro lado la baja resolución espacial de EEG, por lo que la integración de ambos estudios aumentaría la calidad de su información(AU)

Brain activity has multiple attributes, including electrical, metabolic, hemodynamic, and hormonal. Modern methods for studying brain functions such as PET (Positron Emission Tomography), fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and MEG (Magnetoencephalogram) are widely used by scientists. However, the EEG is a tool used for research and diagnosis due to its low cost, simplicity of use, mobility and the possibility of long-term monitoring of acquisition. To detect and interpret the relevant characteristics of these signals, each process is described by its temporal (EEG) and spatial (fMRI) scale. The present research focuses on conducting a bibliographic review on the integration of multimodal EEG-fMRI data that favors assessing its importance for the development of fusion algorithms and their use in the Cuban context. For this, documents with high rates of citations in the literature were analyzed, where precursor authors of the topics under analysis stand out. Multimodal EEG-fMRI studies generate multiple temporal and spatial data with high value for evidence-based medicine. Their integration provides added value in the search for new diagnostic methods, applying data mining, Deep learning and fusion algorithms. This work highlights the existence of low temporal resolution of fMRI and, on the other hand, the low spatial resolution of EEG, so the integration of both studies would increase the quality of their information(AU)

Una mirada actual a la caracterización de datos y ficheros de neurociencias / A Current Look at Characterization of Neuroscience Data and Files

Para los neurocientíficos constituye un desafío realizar un seguimiento de los datos y metadatos generados en cada investigación y extraer con precisión toda la información relevante, hecho crucial para interpretar resultados y requisito mínimo para que los investigadores construyan sus investigaciones sobre los hallazgos anteriores. Se debe mantener tanta información como sea posible desde el inicio, incluso si esta pudiera parece ser irrelevante, además de registrar y almacenar los datos con sus metadatos de forma clara y concisa. Un análisis preliminar sobre la literatura especializada arrojó ausencia de una investigación detallada sobre cómo incorporar la gestión de datos y metadatos en las investigaciones clínicas del cerebro, en términos de organizar datos y metadatos completamente en repositorios digitales, recopilar e ingresar estos teniendo en cuenta su completitud, y sacar provecho de dicha recopilación en el proceso de análisis de los datos. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar conceptual y técnicamente los datos y metadatos de neurociencias para facilitar el desarrollo de soluciones informáticas para su gestión y procesamiento. Se consultaron diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, así como bases de datos y repositorios tales como: Pubmed, Scielo, Nature, Researchgate, entre otros. El análisis sobre la recopilación, organización, procesamiento y almacenamiento de los datos y metadatos de neurociencias para cada técnica de adquisición de datos (EEG, iEEG, MEG, PET), así como su vínculo a la estructura de datos de imágenes cerebrales (BIDS) permitió obtener una caracterización general de cómo gestionar y procesar la información contenida en los mismos(AU)

For neuroscientists, it is a challenge to keep track of the data and metadata generated in each investigation and accurately extract all the relevant information, a crucial fact to interpret results and a minimum requirement for researchers to build their investigations on previous findings. Keep as much information as possible from the start, even if it may seem irrelevant and record and store the data with its metadata clearly and concisely. A preliminary analysis of the specialized literature revealed an absence of detailed research on how to incorporate data and metadata management in clinical brain research, in terms of organizing data and metadata completely in digital repositories, collecting and inputting them taking into account their completeness. , and take advantage of such collection in the process of data analysis. This research aims to conceptually and technically characterize neuroscience data and metadata to facilitate the development of computer solutions for its management and processing. Different bibliographic sources were consulted, as well as databases and repositories such as: Pubmed, Scielo, Nature, Researchgate, among others. The analysis on the collection, organization, processing and storage of neuroscience data and metadata for each data acquisition technique (EEG, iEEG, MEG, PET), as well as its link to the brain imaging data structure (BIDS) allowed to obtain a general characterization of how to manage and process the information contained in them(AU)

NEUROSCIENCE, METACOGNITION AND LANGUAGE TEACHING

Metacognition, or 'knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena’ is our human ability to think about the way we think and learn. By engaging in metacognition, human beings can actively manage and regulate what we do before, during and after the process or action. Although metacognitive awareness is a hidden psychological construct, it manifests itself in three ways, i.e. (i) metacognitive knowledge, (ii) metacognitive experience, and (iii) strategy use. Metacognitive knowledge includes person's knowledge, task knowledge as well as strategy knowledge. Strategy use includes language learning and language use. Metacognitive knowledge is an indicative knowledge about how one is thinking and learning can be positively or negatively influenced by internal factors such as personality traits, background strategic processes, as well as external factors such as the nature and demand of learning and communication tasks. This article focusses on how neuroscientific developments can inform teaching practice

Neuroética: comienza el reinado de las neurociencias en la fundamentación de la ética / Neuroethics: the reign of neuroscience begins in the foundation of the ethics / Neuroética: começa o reinado das neurociências na fundamentação da ética

Resumen: 1] La neurociencia de la ética constituye un progreso al aplicar la ciencia empírica en la investigación del fenómeno moral. 2] Resaltar la importancia de afectos y sentimientos representa una compensación a la excesiva importancia dada a la razón en la formación de los juicios morales. 3] Existen graves dificultades metodológicas al no precisar los conceptos de "intuición", "afectos", "deber" y especialmente qué se entiende por "ética". 4] Pero la investigación científica aprehende al hombre como una "entidad" en sí (presente) y no como una "existencia" (futuro), vale decir, ser-en-el-mundo. 5] En lugar de "tener" una moral el ser humano "es" moral y, como tal, es un proyecto lanzado hacia su más auténtica posibilidad que consiste en apropiarse de su ser-para-la-muerte.

Abstract: 1] The Neuroscience of Ethics constitutes a progress when applying empirical science in the investigation of the moral phenomenon. 2] Emphasizing the importance of affects and feelings represents a compensation for the excessive importance given to reason in the formation of moral judgments. 3] There are serious methodological difficulties by not specifying the concepts of intuition, affections, duty and especially what is understood by ethics. 4] But scientific research apprehends man as an "entity" in himself (present) and not as an "existence" (future), that is, being-in-the-world. 5] Instead of "having" a moral, the human being "is" moral and as such is a project thrown towards its most authentic possibility that consists of appropriating its being-for-death.

Resumo: 1] A neurociência da ética constitui um progresso ao aplicar a ciência empírica na investigação do fenômeno moral. 2] Ressaltar a importância de afetos e sentimentos representa uma compensação à excessiva importância dada à razão na formação dos juízos morais. 3] Existem graves dificuldades metodológicas ao não precisar os conceitos de "intuição", "afetos", "dever" e especialmente o que se entende por "ética". 4] Porém a investigação científica apreende o homem como uma "entidade" em si (presente) e não como una "existência" (futuro), vale dizer, ser-no-mundo. 5] Em lugar de "ter" uma moral o ser humano "é" moral e, como tal, é um projeto lançado à sua mais autêntica possibilidade, que consiste em apropriar-se de seu ser-para-a-morte.

¿Qué neurociencia se va a enseñar cuando se enseña neurociencia? Dos modelos explicativos del cerebro humano

En el último medio siglo, la neurociencia ha sabido ganarse una posición hegemónica en el marco cultural y académico contemporáneo. En este artículo discutimos dos modelos para explicar al cerebro humano. Por un lado, existe el modelo de la neurociencia clásica, que es el modo de común con que se enseña neurociencia actualmente, suele dividir al cerebro en lóbulos o áreas. Por otro lado, el modelo inspirado en la Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional que considera al cerebro como un doble sistema de integración: paleocortical y neocortical, siendo este último (la conciencia) todo lo internalizado por una persona en el curso de una vida en sociedad. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar estos dos modelos o enfoques (el "clásico" y el "sociobiológico informacional") para explicar al cerebro humano (por demás, uno de los grandes temas que cualquier enseñanza de la neurociencia está obligada a tocar).

In the last half-century, neuroscience has managed to gain a hegemonic position in the current cultural and academic framework. In this article, we discuss two models to explain the human brain. On the one hand, there is the classical neuroscience model, which is the common way in which neuroscience is currently taught, it usually divides the brain into lobes or areas. On the other hand, there is the sociobiological informational model that treats the brain as an integrated dual system: paleocortex and neocortex, the latter being (consciousness) what a person has internalized in the course of a life in society. The objective of this review is to present these two models or approaches (the "classical" and the "sociobiological informational") to explain the human brain (one of the great issues that any teaching of neuroscience is obliged to touch).

Charles Sherrington - The Synapse From Antiquity to Actual Status

This paper aim is to discuss and clarify about the way we perceived the functionality of the synapse since 4th century BC up to modern times and actual status. The discussions over the way synapses work began over 2400 years ago and it all started from the simple question of how the locomotive system works and how do the muscles contract. The rst who discussed about this concept was Plato during the 4th century BC. We are discussing about René Descartes (1596-1650) depiction of a clear view in the book entitled “De Homine” (1662) over the view of the brain and the innervation of the body. In modern times, the word “synapse” was coined for the rst time in Michael Foster's 7th Edition “Textbook of Physiology” of 1897 , for which Sherrington wrote 3 chapters. He proposed his former Professor to introduce the word “synapse” which comes from Greek and means “conjunction”. For this discovery, Charles Sherrington and Edgar Douglas Adrian were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932.

Is Disease a Threat to Identity? A Systematic Review of Parkinson’s Disease and Personal Identity

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological condition that impacts the physical and psychological functioning of the patients. The physical and cognitive changes come with social stigma and threats to roles previously associated with their identities. Objectives: The current paper attempts to study the influence of the disease on the personal identity of the patients. Methods: A systematic review was done on PD and personal identity following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses 2020 guidelines. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist was used to assess the quality of the papers. The selected papers were synthesized to understand the relationship between PD and personal identity. Results: The emerging themes were: (1) dissociation of old personal identity: (1.1) Influence of physical symptoms, (1.2) influence of society and stigma, and (1.3) threats to roles associated with identity and (2) changing family dynamics. AModel of Personal, Family, and Disease Dynamics was also developed based on clinical first‑hand experience with the patients and the review. Conclusion: The personal identity of the PD patients shifts drastically as a result of their physical and psychosocial experiences. This also results in changed family dynamics, with the patient feeling sidelined due to loss of control and responsibilities in the family.

Aportes históricos de la neurociencia cognitiva y su emergencia en Chile

Very little has been written about the national pioneer investigators and the formal institutions and channels of knowledge that have contributed to the consolidation of cognitive neuroscience in Chile. This article is a review based on scientific publications, magazine articles and interviews with neuroscientists that were key to the development of cognitive neuroscience in Chile. In particular, the review incorporates information about the different Chilean investigators, the universities where they completed their doctoral studies, and the institutions where they settled afterwards. The objective of this article is to describe the way in which neuroscientific knowledge extended in Chile and to give recognition to pioneering scientists. The information retrieved was processed through the reconstruction of an interaction network between local and foreign neuroscientists, as well as their universities and institutions of origin, that contributed to the development of cognitive neuroscience in Chile. A visual representation of these networks was elaborated. In addition, the scientists' academic training in Chile and abroad is summarized in a table. This analysis allows for a deeper comprehension of the socio-historical context in which cognitive neuroscience emerges and encourages a critical perspective of its development in Chile.

Fetal psychism: neurodynamic and psychoanalytic bases / Psiquismo fetal: bases neurodinâmicas e psicanalíticas

Backgroung: Neuroscientific research has provided great discoveries regarding the understanding of the brain functioning and its neural circuits. With advances in studies on fetal behavior, new discussions have arisen about the existence of a possible rudimentary psychic apparatus. Questioning the existence of a psychism in the fetus becomes doubly challenging. First, because of the controversy that exists in the field of neuroscience about the studies of epiphenomena. Second, because of the difficulty that psychoanalysis has in accepting the existence of a psychic structure before birth. This study was carried out considering all these controversies and scientific limitations, and for this reason it should be understood as a theoretical hypothesis and an invitation to a broad and transdisciplinary view on the complexity of human behavior. From an extensive review on the development of the nervous system and fetal synaptogenesis, and combining neurophysiological and neurophysical research, it was possible to create a link with the Freudian theory of psychic energy described in the Project for a scientific psychology. From these joints, questions were raised about fetal development, especially in the preterm phase, which would be composed of intense synaptic activities, especially in the somatosensory and thalamocortical regions that would receive exogenous and endogenous stimuli, both acting to generate an accumulation of psychic energy. Thus, it was hypothesized that this intense flow of energy would be the first sign of the development of the primitive psychic apparatus in the fetus. Thus, it was possible to assume that during the preterm period this cathected energy discharge could project directly onto the limbic and motor brain structures and leave unconscious memory traces of intrauterine life experiences. These influences of a psychic nature, together with epigenetic factors, would contribute to the appearance of certain behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, suggesting an early transdisciplinary approach in at-risk infants exposed to environmental or epigenetic stressors during the gestational period, especially during the synaptic plasticity window, will provide a therapeutic opportunity through psychic reorganization and sensorimotor integration.

Introdução: As pesquisas neurocientíficas têm proporcionado grandes descobertas no que concerne ao entendimento sobre o funcionamento cerebral e seus circuitos neurais. Com os avanços nos estudos sobre o comportamento fetal novas discussões têm surgido acerca da existência de um possível aparelho psíquico rudimentar. Questionar a existência de um psiquismo no feto, torna-se duplamente desafiador. Primeiro pela controvérsia que existe no âmbito da neurociência sobre os estudos dos epifenômenos. Segundo, pela própria dificuldade que a psicanálise tem em aceitar a existência de uma estrutura psíquica antes do nascimento. Este estudo foi realizado considerando todas estas controvérsias e limitações científicas, e por este motivo deve ser entendido como uma hipótese teórica e um convite para uma ampla e transdisciplinar visão sobre a complexidade do comportamento humano. A partir de uma extensa revisão sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso e da sinaptogênese fetal, e associando as pesquisas neurofisiológicas e da neurofísica, foi possível criar uma articulação com a teoria Freudiana da energia psíquica descrita no Projeto para uma psicologia científica. A partir destas articulações, levantou-se questionamentos sobre o desenvolvimento fetal, especialmente na fase pré-termo, o qual seria composto por atividades sinápticas intensas, especialmente nas regiões somatossensoriais e talamocorticais que receberiam estímulos exógenos e endógenos, ambos atuando para gerar um acúmulo de energia psíquica. Desta forma, criou-se uma hipótese de que este intenso fluxo de energia seria o primeiro sinal do desenvolvimento do aparelho psíquico primitivo no feto. Assim, foi possível supor que durante o período pré-termo esta descarga de energia catexizada poderia se projetar diretamente sobre as estruturas cerebrais límbicas e motoras e deixar traços de memória inconscientes das experiências da vida intrauterina. Seriam estas influências de natureza psíquica em conjunto com os fatores epigenéticos, que contribuiriam para o aparecimento de certos transtornos comportamentais e do neurodesenvolvimento. Sendo assim, sugerir uma abordagem transdisciplinar precoce em bebês de risco expostos a fatores estressores ambientais ou epigenéticos durante o período gestacional, especialmente durante a janela de plasticidade sináptica, proporcionará uma oportunidade terapêutica através da reorganização psíquica e da integração sensoriomotora.

Funcionalidades de estadísticas y reportes para el Repositorio cubano de datos de neurociencias / Statistics and Reporting Functionalities for the Cuban Neuroscience Data Repository

Para la organización de bases de datos de Neurociencias se han realizado diversos proyectos en países desarrollados, entre estos los repositorios de datos. El Centro de Neurociencias de Cuba es la institución rectora de los estudios neurocientíficos en el país. Debido a los volúmenes de datos que se manejan en su repositorio se dificulta el manejo estadístico y la obtención de reportes. El repositorio carece de herramientas para el análisis estadístico del universo de datos almacenado, dificultando la toma de decisiones sobre los diferentes tipos de datos. En base a las deficiencias identificadas se decidió desarrollar un grupo de funcionalidades de estadísticas y reportes que permiten la extracción de información útil desde diferentes perspectivas, beneficiando a los científicos de neurociencias en el estudio y aplicación de escenarios para el tratamiento de los datos almacenados. Se realizó un análisis del estado del arte de las herramientas que permiten generar reportes y estadísticas de los datos almacenados en un repositorio o en una base de datos. Para el desarrollo se utilizaron tecnologías y herramientas como Visual Paradigm para el modelado, PostgreSQL para el manejo de los datos, Django como framework de desarrollo y el lenguaje de desarrollo Python. El resultado obtenido propiciará una herramienta con características similares a sus homólogas internacionales(AU)

Various projects have been carried out in developed countries for the organization of Neuroscience databases, including data repositories. The Cuban Neuroscience Center is the leading institution for neuroscientific studies in the country. Due to the volumes of data that are managed in its repository, statistical management and obtaining reports are difficult. The repository lacks tools for statistical analysis of the universe of data stored, making it difficult to make decisions about the different types of data. Based on the deficiencies identified, it was decided to develop a group of statistical and reporting functionalities that allow the extraction of useful information from different perspectives, benefiting neuroscience scientists in the study and application of scenarios for the treatment of stored data. An analysis of the state of the art of the tools that allow generating reports and statistics of the data stored in a repository or in a database was carried out. For the development, technologies and tools such as Visual Paradigm for modeling, PostgreSQL for data management, Django as a development framework and the Python development language were used. The result obtained will provide a tool with similar characteristics to its international counterparts(AU)

Dispositional mindfulness, emotional regulation and perceived stress among nursing students / Mindfulness disposicional, regulación emocional y estrés percibido en estudiantes de enfermería / Atenção plena disposicional, regulação emocional e estresse percebido em estudantes de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the correlation between dispositional mindfulness, emotional regulation and perceived stress and to verify factors associated with dispositional mindfulness among nursing students. Method: A correlational, cross-sectional study with public undergraduate students. The following instruments were used: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Emotional Regulation Questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scale. Analyzes were performed using t tests, Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression. Results: The study included 330 students. There was no correlation between dispositional mindfulness and general emotional regulation score and/or perceived stress and a weak correlation with the emotional regulation dimension emotional suppression. Being in psychological treatment and psychoactive substance use were associated with decreased dispositional mindfulness. Age, sufficient sleep hours and emotional suppression were associated with an increase in this variable. Conclusion: There was a relationship between dispositional mindfulness only with emotional suppression, in addition to the connection of this variable with the perception of sufficient sleep hours, age, use of alcohol or psychoactive substances, undergoing psychological/psychiatric follow-up and emotional suppression.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar la correlación entre mindfulness disposicional, regulación emocional y estrés percibido y verificar factores asociados al mindfulness disposicional en estudiantes de enfermería. Método: Estudio transversal, correlacional con estudiantes de universidades públicas. Los instrumentos fueron utilizados: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Emotional Regulation Questionnaire y Perceived Stress Scale. Los análisis se realizaron mediante pruebas t, correlación de Pearson y regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Participaron 330 estudiantes. No hubo correlación entre mindfulness disposicional y puntuación general de regulación emocional y/o estrés percibido y una débil correlación con la dimensión de regulación emocional supresión de emociones. Estar en tratamiento psicológico y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas se asociaron con una disminución del mindfulness disposicional. La edad, la suficiencia de horas de sueño y la supresión emocional se asociaron con un aumento de esta variable. Conclusión: Hubo relación entre el mindfulness disposicional solo con la supresión de emociones, además de la conexión de esta variable con la percepción de suficientes horas de sueño, edad, consumo de alcohol o sustancias psicoactivas, estar en seguimiento psicológico/psiquiátrico y supresión emocional.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a correlação entre atenção plena disposicional, regulação emocional e estresse percebido e verificar fatores associados à atenção plena disposicional em estudantes de enfermagem. Método: Estudo correlacional, transversal, com estudantes de universidade pública. Foram utilizados os instrumentos: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Emotional Regulation Questionnaire e Perceived Stress Scale. Análises foram realizadas por meio de testes t, correlação de Pearson e regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: Participaram 330 estudantes. Identificou-se ausência de correlação entre a atenção plena disposicional e escore geral de regulação emocional e/ou estresse percebido e correlação fraca com a dimensão de regulação emocional supressão das emoções. Estar em tratamento psicológico e uso de substância psicoativas se associou à diminuição da atenção plena disposicional. Já idade, suficiência de horas de sono e supressão emocional se associaram ao aumento desta variável. Conclusão Houve relação entre a atenção plena disposicional apenas com a supressão das emoções, além de ligação desta variável com percepção de horas suficientes de sono, idade, uso de álcool ou substâncias psicoativas, estar em acompanhamento psicológico/psiquiátrico e supressão emocional.

Mental fatigue and ball sports: a narrative review focused on physical, technical, and tactical performance

Abstract Aim: This narrative review aimed to explore the effect of mental fatigue on physical, technical, and tactical performance in ball sports. Methods: Three Databases, PUBMED, SCOPUS, and SCIELO, were used to search for a scientific publication. The criterions adopted were: a) published in a peer-reviewed journal; b) adopted at least one manipulation check related to mental fatigue; c) mental fatigue induced by a cognitive task before the outcome task, and d) study participants were ball sports athletes. Result: The quality of this narrative review was rated at 11 (SANRA scale 0-12), and the papers analyzed were published between 2015 and 2022. Twenty-one experimental studies were included in this review. Most studies were in invasion sports (n = 13; 72%), and non-ecological tasks were used to induce mental fatigue (n = 15; 83%). Regarding performance in endurance tests, mentally fatigued athletes had performance impaired. However, when assessed during a small-sided or simulated game, data were inconclusive within the literature. Moreover, athletes presented attenuated perceptual skills (e.g., visual field). Consequently, this worsened motor skills, technical-tactical performances, and tactical behavior. Conclusions: Cognitively demanding tasks should be avoided before training and sports competitions because they can lead the athlete to mental fatigue and impair performance. This impairment is identified in physical performance (endurance tasks) and technical and tactical performance. Finally, it is recommended that athletes do not perform tasks that cause mental fatigue 2 h before the sports event.

Cognitive interventions in mature and older adults, benefits for psychological well-being and quality of life: a systematic review study / Intervenções cognitivas em adultos maduros e idosos, benefícios ao bem-estar psicológico e à qualidade de vida: um estudo de revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Few recently published studies investigating the benefits of educational and cognitive interventions on quality of life (QoL), psychological well-being, and depressive symptoms are available. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of educational and cognitive interventions on psychological well-being, QoL, and mood in mature and older adults without dementia and/or with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: The systematic review took place from September to October 2020 and the following databases were used to select the studies: SciELO, LILACS, PubMed, and Medline. The search terms used were idos* AND "treino cognitivo" AND "bem-estar psicológico" AND "qualidade de vida" and their corresponding translations in English and Spanish. Results: Of the 241 articles retrieved, 26 primary studies were included in the review. Of these, 18 showed improvement in QoL, psychological well-being, or cognition. Conclusions: The studies reported beneficial effects of educational and cognitive interventions for QoL, psychological well-being, and depressive symptoms of mature and older adults without dementia or depression.

RESUMO Nos últimos anos, foram encontrados poucos estudos relatando os benefícios das intervenções cognitivas e educativas à qualidade de vida, ao bem-estar psicológico e contra os sintomas depressivos. Objetivo: Investigar os impactos de intervenções educativas e cognitivas nas variáveis de bem-estar psicológico, qualidade de vida e humor de adultos maduros e idosos sem demência e/ou com comprometimento cognitivo leve. Métodos: A pesquisa de revisão sistemática ocorreu entre setembro e outubro de 2020 e, para a seleção dos estudos, foram utilizadas as bases de dados: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), PubMed e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE). Foram selecionados os seguintes termos para a busca: "idos*" AND "treino cognitivo" AND "bem-estar psicológico" AND "qualidade de vida" e seus correspondentes em inglês e espanhol. Resultados: De 241 artigos contendo as palavras-chave, 26 estudos primários foram selecionados para esta revisão. Deles, 18 demonstraram melhora significativa na qualidade de vida, no bem-estar psicológico ou na cognição. Conclusões: Os estudos analisados evidenciaram efeitos positivos das intervenções educacionais e cognitivas para a qualidade de vida, para o bem-estar psicológico e contra os sintomas depressivos de idosos e adultos maduros sem demência e depressão.

Os instintos nas neurociências afetivas e na psicologia analítica / Instincts in affective neuroscience and analytical psychology / Los instintos en las neurociencias afectivas y en la psicología analítica

Este artigo visa estabelecer relações entre a psicologia analítica de Carl Gustav Jung e as neurociências afetivas de Jaak Panksepp. Para isso, foi feita uma comparação entre os sistemas instintivos básicos propostos por ambas as teorias. Uma das principais características do pensamento de Jung, que o diferencia das outras teorias psicodinâmicas, é sua ênfase na base instintiva da psique, constituída de pré-disposições herdadas. Da mesma forma, as neurociências afetivas se concentram principalmente na base instintiva e herdada de certos comportamentos humanos, relacionados às emoções primárias, enraizadas principalmente em estruturas subcorticais. Através do estudo dessas estruturas, Panksepp demonstrou que existem diversos sistemas instintivos envolvidos na formação da personalidade humana, ponto que Jung também defendeu contra a primazia do instinto sexual na teoria de Sigmund Freud. Além disso, as neurociências afetivas e a psicologia analítica propõem intervenções psicoterapêuticas que levem em conta os aspectos instintivos da personalidade, considerando mudanças puramente cognitivas como insuficientes. Assim, apesar de seus pressupostos materialistas, as pesquisas Panksepp possuem pontos em comum com aspectos da teoria de Jung, com sistemas instintivos semelhantes, demonstrando a importância da história da espécie para a constituição psíquica do ser humano, contrariando a crescente onda do construcionismo social, que teve sua ascensão impulsionada pelos movimentos behavoristas dos anos 1950, e que ainda hoje permeia o imaginário popular.

The objective of this article is to establish connections between the analytical psychology of Carl Gustav Jung and the affective neuroscience of Jaak Panksepp. For this, the researcher made a comparison between the basic instinctive systems proposed by both theories. One of the main characteristics of Jung's thinking that sets it apart from other psychodynamic schools of thought is his emphasis on predispositions inherited from the psyche. Likewise, affective neuroscience focus mainly on the instinctual and inherited basis of human behavior, related to primary emotions rooted in subcortical structures. By studying these structures, Panksepp showed the influence of diverse instincts on human personality, a point that Jung also defended against the primacy of the sexual instinct in Sigmund Freud's theory. Furthermore, affective neuroscience and analytical psychology propose psychotherapeutic interventions that involve the instinctual aspects of personality, considering purely cognitive changes as insufficient. Thus, regardless of their materialist assumptions, Panksepp's researches have points in common with Jung's theory, outlining similar instinctual systems that demonstrate the importance of the history of species for the psychic constitution of human beings, countering the growing wave of social constructionism, which had its emergence driven by the behaviorist movements of the 50s, and which still permeates the popular imagination today.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo establecer relaciones entre la psicología analítica de Carl Gustav Jung y las neurociencias afectivas de Jaak Panksepp. Para ello, se realizó una comparación entre los sistemas instintivos básicos propuestos por ambas teorías. Una de las principales características del pensamiento de Jung, que lo diferencia de otras teorías psicodinámicas, es su énfasis en la base instintiva de la psique, formada por predisposiciones heredadas. Asimismo, las neurociencias afectivas se centran principalmente en la base instintiva y heredada de determinadas conductas humanas, relacionadas con las emociones primarias, enraizadas principalmente en estructuras subcorticales. A través del estudio de estas estructuras, Panksepp demostró que hay varios sistemas instintivos involucrados en la formación de la personalidad humana, un punto que Jung también defendió contra la primacía del instinto sexual en la teoría de Sigmund Freud. Además, las neurociencias afectivas y la psicología analítica proponen intervenciones psicoterapéuticas que tengan en cuenta los aspectos instintivos de la personalidad, considerando insuficientes los cambios puramente cognitivos. Así, a pesar de sus supuestos materialistas, las investigaciones de Panksepp tienen puntos en común con aspectos de la teoría de Jung, con sistemas instintivos similares, demostrando la importancia de la historia de las especies para la constitución psíquica del ser humano, contrarrestando la creciente ola de construccionismo social, que tuvo su auge impulsado por los movimientos behavioristas de los años 50, y que aún hoy permean el imaginario popular.